Pengaruh Proses Pengolahan Tepung Beras, Nasi, dan Intip Terhadap Profil Glukosa Darah Tikur Wistar (Rattus Norvegicus) Diabetes Tipe 2 yang Diinduksi Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide (STZ-NA)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56832/edu.v5i3.2426Kata Kunci:
Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2, Indeks Glikemik, Pati Resisten, Tepung Beras, Tepung Intip, Tepung NasiAbstrak
Diabetes mellitus tipe 2 merupakan penyakit kronis yang ditandai dengan peningkatan kadar glukosa darah akibat kerusakan sel beta pankreas. Salah satu strategi pengelolaan diabetes adalah modifikasi bahan pangan untuk menurunkan indeks glikemik melalui proses pengolahan yang dapat meningkatkan kandungan pati resisten. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh tepung beras, tepung nasi, dan tepung intip terhadap profil glukosa darah tikus Wistar diabetes tipe 2 yang diinduksi dengan STZ-NA (Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide). Metode penelitian menggunakan true-experimental dengan rancangan randomized controlled group pre-posttest design. Dua belas ekor tikus jantan galur Wistar berusia 2 bulan dengan berat 180-200 g dibagi menjadi empat kelompok: kontrol (pakan standar AIN-93M), kelompok tepung beras, kelompok tepung nasi, dan kelompok tepung intip. Tikus diinduksi diabetes dengan injeksi NA (110 mg/kg BB) dan STZ (45 mg/kg BB) secara intraperitoneal. Intervensi dilakukan selama 7 hari dengan pengukuran kadar glukosa darah menggunakan metode GOD-PAP. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketiga kelompok perlakuan (tepung beras, nasi, dan intip) berhasil menurunkan kadar glukosa darah secara signifikan (p<0,05) dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Penurunan kadar glukosa darah pada kelompok tepung beras, nasi, dan intip berturut-turut adalah 88,08 mg/dL, 85,30 mg/dL, dan 97,04 mg/dL. Tepung intip menunjukkan efek hipoglikemik terbaik. Proses pengolahan bahan pangan berbasis beras melalui modifikasi fisik dapat meningkatkan kandungan pati resisten dan menurunkan kadar glukosa darah pada tikus diabetes.
Referensi
Abdul Rahim, A. F., Norhayati, M. N., and Zainudin, A. M. (2021). The effect of a brown-rice diets on glycemic control and metabolic parameters in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials. PeerJ, 9. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11291
Adeva-Andany, M. M., Funcasta-Calderón, R., Fernández-Fernández, C., Castro-Quintela, E., and Carneiro-Freire, N. (2019, March 1). Metabolic effects of glucagon in humans. Journal of Clinical and Translational Endocrinology, Vol. 15, pp. 45–53. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2018.12.005
Aditya Senaputra, M., Patologi Klinik, D., Kedokteran, F., Ariningrum, D., Savitri, S., and Murti Sutantyo, K. (2024). Peningkatan Pengetahuan Penderita Diabetes Melitus tentang Modifikasi Lifestyle di RSUD Dr. Moewardi Surakarta. In SSEJ (Vol. 4).
Aini, N., Dewi, S., Asyifa, S. N., and Sofyan, A. (2020). Review The Utilization of Resistant Starch in Aking Rice Flour as Anti-Diabetic Food Ingredients.
Aini, N., Sustriawan, B., Wahyuningsih, N., and Mela, E. (2022). Blood Sugar, Haemoglobin and Malondialdehyde Levels in Diabetic White Rats Fed a Diet of Corn Flour Cookies. Foods, 11(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11121819
Alfaifi, A. (2023). Association between non-pharmacological therapy and healthcare use and expenditure of patients with diabetes mellitus. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 31(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2023.06.018
Antar, S. A., Ashour, N. A., Sharaky, M., Khattab, M., Ashour, N. A., Zaid, R. T., … Al-Karmalawy, A. A. (2023, December 1). Diabetes mellitus: Classification, mediators, and complications; A gate to identify potential targets for the development of new effective treatments. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, Vol. 168. Elsevier Masson s.r.l. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115734
Banday, M. Z., Sameer, A. S., and Nissar, S. (2020). Pathophysiology of diabetes: An overview. Avicenna Journal of Medicine, 10(04), 174–188. https://doi.org/10.4103/ajm.ajm_53_20
Birt, D. F., Boylston, T., Hendrich, S., Jane, J. L., Hollis, J., Li, L., … Whitley, E. M. (2013). Resistant starch: Promise for improving human health. Advances in Nutrition, Vol. 4, pp. 587–601. American Society for Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.113.004325
Bojarczuk, A., Sk?pska, S., Mousavi Khaneghah, A., and Marsza?ek, K. (2022, June 1). Health benefits of resistant starch: A review of the literature. Journal of Functional Foods, Vol. 93. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2022.105094
Candal, C., and Erbas, M. (2019). The effects of different processes on enzyme resistant starch content and glycemic index value of wheat flour and using this flour in biscuit production. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56(9), 4110–4120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03880-w
Chen, Z., Liang, N., Zhang, H., Li, H., Guo, J., Zhang, Y., … Shi, N. (2024). Resistant starch and the gut microbiome: Exploring beneficial interactions and dietary impacts. Food Chemistry: X, 21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101118
Compart, J., Singh, A., Fettke, J., and Apriyanto, A. (2023, August 1). Customizing Starch Properties: A Review of Starch Modifications and Their Applications. Polymers, Vol. 15. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15163491
Deleu, S., Machiels, K., Raes, J., Verbeke, K., and Vermeire, S. (2021, April 1). Short chain fatty acids and its producing organisms: An overlooked therapy for IBD? EBioMedicine, Vol. 66. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103293
Dilworth, L., Facey, A., and Omoruyi, F. (2021, July 2). Diabetes mellitus and its metabolic complications: The role of adipose tissues. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 22. MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147644
Dimitriadis, G. D., Maratou, E., Kountouri, A., Board, M., and Lambadiari, V. (2021, January 1). Regulation of postabsorptive and postprandial glucose metabolism by insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms: An integrative approach. Nutrients, Vol. 13, pp. 1–33. MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010159
Dini?, S., Arambaši? Jovanovi?, J., Uskokovi?, A., Mihailovi?, M., Grdovi?, N., Toli?, A., … Vidakovi?, M. (2022, September 23). Oxidative stress-mediated beta cell death and dysfunction as a target for diabetes management. Frontiers in Endocrinology, Vol. 13. Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1006376
Dong, K., Perreau, C., Thabuis, C., Yu, S., and Hasjim, J. (2025, September 1). Physicochemical properties and health benefits of resistant starch, resistant dextrin, and polydextrose: Similarities and differences. Grain and Oil Science and Technology, Vol. 8, pp. 221–234. KeAi Communications Co. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2025.04.001
Farooq, M. A., and Yu, J. (2024, September 1). Recent Advances in Physical Processing Techniques to Enhance the Resistant Starch Content in Foods: A Review. Foods, Vol. 13. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172770
Hasjim, J., Li, E., and Dhital, S. (2013). Milling of rice grains: Effects of starch/flour structures on gelatinization and pasting properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 92(1), 682–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.023
Hitchen, B., Norwood, K., Gault, V. A., and Leslie, J. C. (2021). Behavioural evaluation of mouse models of type 2 diabetes. Learning and Motivation, 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2021.101730
Hu, J., Huang, R., Guo, J., Li, J., Yang, X., Deng, X., … Gu, Z. (2025). Hypoglycemic effect of Trichosanthis Radix resistant starch combined with rutin on diabetic mice. Food Bioscience, 63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105609
Hypoglycemic activity of some Indonesian rice varieties. (2006). In Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science (Vol. 7).
Ikegami, H., Babaya, N., and Noso, S. (2021, September 1). ?-Cell failure in diabetes: Common susceptibility and mechanisms shared between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Investigation, Vol. 12, pp. 1526–1539. John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.13576
Jarvis, P. R. E., Cardin, J. L., Nisevich-Bede, P. M., and McCarter, J. P. (2023, September 1). Continuous glucose monitoring in a healthy population: understanding the post-prandial glycemic response in individuals without diabetes mellitus. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, Vol. 146. W.B. Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155640
Jensen, N. J., Wodschow, H. Z., Skytte, M. J., Samkani, A., Astrup, A., Frystyk, J., … Thomsen, M. N. (2022). Weight-loss induced by carbohydrate restriction does not negatively affect health-related quality of life and cognition in people with type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition, 41(7), 1605–1612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.05.005
Jukanti, A. K., Pautong, P. A., Liu, Q., and Sreenivasulu, N. (2020, December 1). Low glycemic index rice—a desired trait in starchy staples. Trends in Food Science and Technology, Vol. 106, pp. 132–149. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.006
Kulkarni, A., Thool, A. R., and Daigavane, S. (2024). Understanding the Clinical Relationship Between Diabetic Retinopathy, Nephropathy, and Neuropathy: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.56674
Lee, C. E., No, J., Lee, K., and Shin, M. (2020). Improvement of resistant starch content and baking quality of cross-linked soft rice flour. Food Science and Biotechnology, 29(12), 1695–1703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-020-00826-3
Magliano, Dianna., and Boyko, E. J. . (2021). IDF diabetes atlas. International Diabetes Federation.
Mavroeidi, I., Manta, A., Asimakopoulou, A., Syrigos, A., Paschou, S. A., Vlachaki, E., … Peppa, M. (2024, February 1). The Role of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load in the Dietary Approach of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients, Vol. 16. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030399
M?ynarska, E., Czarnik, W., Dzie?a, N., J?draszak, W., Majchrowicz, G., Prusinowski, F., … Franczyk, B. (2025, February 1). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: New Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Treatment and the Most Important Complications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 26. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031094
Noraidah, H., Mansoor, A. H., Zainol, M. K., Ahmad Hazim, A. A., and Hasmadi, M. (2023, October 1). A review on the effects of resistant starch on the postprandial glycaemic response and the influence of processing conditions on the formation of resistant starch. Food Research, Vol. 7, pp. 119–131. Rynnye Lyan Resources. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.7(5).944
Paul Van Leeuwen, M., Toutounji, M. R., Mata, J., Ward, R., Gilbert, E. P., Castignolles, P., and Gaborieau, M. (2021). Assessment of starch branching and lamellar structure in rice flours. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foostr.2021.100201ï
Puddu, A., Sanguineti, R., Montecucco, F., and Viviani, G. L. (2014). Evidence for the gut microbiota short-chain fatty acids as key pathophysiological molecules improving diabetes. Mediators of Inflammation, Vol. 2014. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/162021
Pugh, J. E., Cai, M., Altieri, N., and Frost, G. (2023). A comparison of the effects of resistant starch types on glycemic response in individuals with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition, Vol. 10. Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1118229
Qiu, C., Li, P., Li, Z., Corke, H., and Sui, Z. (2019). Combined speed and duration of milling affect the physicochemical properties of rice flour. Food Hydrocolloids, 89, 188–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.10.042
Raveendran, A. V, Chacko, E. C., and Pappachan, J. M. (2018). TOUCH MEDICAL MEDIA Review Diabetes Non-pharmacological Treatment Options in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus.
Rustan Massinai, N., Wahyuni, S., Massinai, R., and Febryansyah Pagala, dan. (2025). Konjac Glucomannan: A Functional Dietary Fiber for Gut Health, Metabolic Regulation, and Clinical Applications-A Comprehensive Review. Jurnal Teknologi Pengolahan Pertanian, 7(1), 1–18.
Sakuma, M., Arai, H., Mizuno, A., Fukaya, M., Matsuura, M., Sasaki, H., … Takeda, E. (2009). Improvement of glucose metabolism in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes by long-term administration of a palatinose-based liquid formula as a part of breakfast. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 45(2), 155–162. https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.09-08
Saleh, R. (2025). Glucose Content and Glycemic Index of Indonesian Local Foods as Alternative Carbohydrate Sources for Diabetic Patients: Article Review. Jambura Medical and Health Science Journal, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.37905/jmhsj.v4i2.33565
Singh, S., Kriti, M., K.S., A., Sarma, D. K., Verma, V., Nagpal, R., … Kumar, M. (2024). Deciphering the complex interplay of risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive review. Metabolism Open, 22, 100287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2024.100287
Sri Widowati, Made Astawan, Deddy Muchtadi, and Tutik Wresdiyati. (2006). Hypoglycemic activity of some Indonesian rice varieties. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science, 7(2), 57–66.
Szkudelski, T. (2012, May). Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetes in the rat. Characteristics of the experimental model. Experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol. 237, pp. 481–490. https://doi.org/10.1258/ebm.2012.011372
Velanie, C. S., Diarti, M. W., Pauzi, I., Jurusan, A., Kesehatan, K., and Mataram, I. (2017). PEMBERIAN TEPUNG BERAS MERAH (Oryza nivara) TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH PADA HEWAN COBA TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus) GALUR WISTAR. Jurnal Analis Medika Bio Sains, 4(2), 81–86.
Wang, Z., Wang, S., Xu, Q., Kong, Q., Li, F., Lu, L., … Wei, Y. (2023, September 1). Synthesis and Functions of Resistant Starch. Advances in Nutrition, Vol. 14, pp. 1131–1144. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.001
Yu, T., Jing, S., Jiaxin, L., Aixia, W., Mengzi, N., Xue, G., … Litao, T. (2024, January 1). Effects of Milling Methods on Rice Flour Properties and Rice Product Quality: A Review. Rice Science, Vol. 31, pp. 33–46. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2023.11.002
Zafar, M. I., Mills, K. E., Zheng, J., Regmi, A., Hu, S. Q., Gou, L., and Chen, L. L. (2019). Low-glycemic index diets as an intervention for diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 110(4), 891–902. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz149
Zhu, B. T. (2022). Pathogenic Mechanism of Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus in Humans: Potential Role of Streptozotocin-Induced Selective Autoimmunity against Human Islet ?-Cells. Cells, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11030492
